Soil testing and formula fertilization technology is a comprehensive set of scientific fertilization techniques for soil testing, fertilizer testing, special fertilizer preparation, and fertilization technical guidance for the purpose of balanced fertilization. It is also a relatively advanced and applicable scientific fertilization technology widely used in the world. The core content of this technology is based on soil test results, the fertilizer requirements and characteristics of crops, combined with fertilizer effects, targeted, scientific and rational determination of the appropriate amount and proportion of trace elements in NPK fertilizer, and processed into various The special formula fertilizer for crops is supplied to farmers and used by farmers. The biggest advantage of this technology is that it can effectively solve the contradiction between crop fertilization and soil fertility, and crop fertilizer. Targeted crops need to supplement the shortage of nutrients, scientific and rational use of fertilizer, what elements of soil lack of elements to add, what elements need to be supplemented by crops, how much to supplement, so that all kinds of nutrients are balanced to meet crops Demand, to improve the output of agricultural products, improve the quality of agricultural products, improve the competitiveness of agricultural products market, and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers and the benefits of use.
China's soil types are complex, soil nutrient changes are quite large, and fertilizer utilization rate is low. At present, there is a serious imbalance in the application rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in China, resulting in excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially insufficient potassium fertilizer, leading to fertilizers. The yield increase effect and use efficiency have dropped significantly. In addition, in recent years, with the application of new technologies such as soil, plant test diagnosis, expert fertilization system, formula fertilizer, special fertilizer, etc., the soil testing and formula fertilization technology is becoming more and more perfect and mature, and it has already had the conditions for large-scale promotion and application. For example, if the coverage rate of soil testing and formula fertilization technology can be increased from 30% to 60%, it will be equivalent to 900 million mu of cultivated land to receive technical services, which will increase the output of 26 million tons of grain. Therefore, it is imperative to further increase the application and application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and gradually realize the balanced application of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and to maintain the stability and continuity of this work.
At present, the popularization rate of soil testing and formula fertilization technology in China is still low. The main reason is that on the one hand, the agriculture-related departments and fertilizer production and circulation enterprises have carried out soil testing and formula fertilization for many years, but they still stay because of their fertilization guidance mode. In the traditional fertilization guidance mode, “only the prescription is not takenâ€, some enterprises only measure the soil for the promotion of their products, and they have not really measured the soil, the later formula, and then fertilized. This type of peasant is not easy to master, and the implementation is difficult, which results in the current situation of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Through soil testing and formula fertilization technology, soil testing, post-formulation, and fertilization are first carried out, and “comprehensive testing, integration, and unified supply†are implemented, and the soil testing and formula fertilization technology is fully materialized into special fertilizers for popularization and application. This kind of fertilization guidance mode, which is both prescription and medicine, is easy for farmers to accept and master.
On the other hand, people lack the understanding of the special nature of long-term soil testing, fertilizer testing and formula renewal for formula fertilization work, and believe that “old technology is engaged in new years and lacks new ideasâ€. In recent years, investment has become less and less, resulting in There is a lack of promotion and financial support at the grassroots level.
To this end, in order to change the status quo of soil testing and formula fertilization technology in China, the most effective method is to use balanced fertilization as the leading technology, focus on fertilizer structure adjustment, and take the basic measurement of unified measurement, integration and unified supply. We will provide one-stop service for testing, distribution, production, supply and application to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. To put it simply, it is based on soil testing results and crop fertilizer requirements, soil fertility performance, fertilizer utilization rate, etc., formulating fertilizers with high-quality chemical fertilizers, directly supplying farmers, and simplifying complex formula fertilization techniques. Formulated fertilization is a special fertilizer for application (BB fertilizer).
BB fertilizer, English literal translation is blended bulk fertilizer (Blending Bulk Fertilizers, BB fertilizer), based on soil nutrient differentiation test, according to crop fertilizer requirements, soil fertility performance and fertilizer fertilizer efficiency, scientific calculation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium A special fertilizer formulated with the elements and the amount of medium and trace elements. In reality, the main types of granulated fertilizers are physically mixed according to the ratio of demand. BB fertilizer has the following advantages: First, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is flexibly formulated, which can meet the different needs of crops for nutrients. After application, the effect is obvious, and the balanced supporting fertilization technology is truly implemented. Second, the fertilizer consumption is reduced and the utilization rate is improved. Easy to apply, safe and labor-saving. The nutrient content of the fertilizer is high (the active ingredient is above 40%), and it is convenient to apply in a granular form; the fourth is to increase the yield and increase the income. Due to the reduction in fertilizer consumption and labor, the cost per mu can be reduced by about 20 yuan, and the general increase is 5% to 15%. Therefore, at present in the world's developed countries, BB fertilizer accounts for more than 80% of the total fertilization, and China has just started in this respect, BB fertilizer has a promising future, can be said to be the direction of future fertilizer development. It is understood that by applying BB fertilizer, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer can be increased by 8 to 10%, the yield is increased by 8 to 15%, and the comprehensive benefit is increased by 15 to 30%.
In the final analysis, BB fertilizer is a precise formula fertilization technology. First, the formula must be accurate. In order to do this, the soil testing formula fertilization technology is truly implemented. The specific recommendations are as follows:
First determine the technical route of soil testing and formula fertilization. According to the soil fertility, crop fertilizer requirements, fertilizer effects and climatic factors, the principles of soil testing and fertilization techniques, through soil testing and fertilizer field trials, to find out the soil fertility, crop fertilizer and fertilizer effects, obtained and corrected Formulated fertilization parameters to establish a formula fertilization model for different crops and different soil types. According to the soil test results and related conditions, the formula fertilization model is applied, combined with the expert experience, the fertilization formula is proposed, and the special fertilizer is prepared according to the formula from the fertilizer station, which is supplied to the farmers for application and provides fertilization technical guidance. At the same time, the quality of various fertilizers is ensured through the monitoring of fertilizer quality. Through the technical route of integrated services, the socialization and industrialization of technology promotion will be gradually realized, the accuracy and the rate of soil testing and formula fertilization will be guaranteed, and the popularization rate of soil testing and formula fertilization will be improved.
Secondly, the following work should be clarified in the promotion work:
The first is to establish a data system for crop fertilization indicators. In the main crop producing areas, targeted investigation and testing of some factors affecting crop growth and fertilization effects, such as soil texture, soil organic matter, soil nutrients, farmer fertilization levels, fertilization structure and fertilization effects, were carried out for soil testing. Based on the basic understanding of regional soil nutrients, combined with China's main soil type distribution, crop layout, fertilizer requirements and natural climatic conditions, crop fertilization division. Based on the dominant crops in the fertilization zone, establish indicator data to guide crop fertilization. According to the fertilization zoning and survey results (previous + supplemented), a unified and standardized field trial study on the main crops in the dominant area, including different fertilization methods, different fertilization periods, different fertilization numbers, etc., obtained relevant fertilization parameters.
The second is to improve the test method. The nutrient analysis test of the basic soil samples and plant samples in the field test area was carried out by means of combined extraction and combined determination. Exploring the response of different soil fertility and crops at different growth stages to fertilization, and providing evidence and verification for the establishment of agricultural fertilization data indicators.
The third is to establish a fertilization expert system. Through analysis and treatment of field trials, soil and plant test data, build a database of facility fertilizer parameters, and establish fertilization data indicators for different regions, different cultivation methods, and different crops. A computerized fertilization expert system was established for different fertilization zones, soil, crops, climate, and risk factors. The human-machine intelligent system was used to simulate the fertilization mode of the main crops, and the recommended fertilization was carried out, and the economic and rational fertilization method, the fertilization period, the amount of fertilization, and the fertilization ratio were proposed.
The fourth is publicity training, demonstration and promotion. Organize provincial-level test and test technicians to conduct training on new methods, master joint extraction and joint test technical specifications, ensure test quality, improve test efficiency, and reduce test costs; organize provincial, municipal, county, and town agricultural technicians to perform computerized fertilization Expert system training, master the application of software, correctly understand and apply the computer "recommended" fertilization program. Demonstration and promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology for superior production areas and advantageous crops.
At the same time, the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology should be consistent with the needs of agricultural industrialization development. In the agricultural industrialization construction and the production of high-quality agricultural products, large-scale implementation of pollution-free food, green food, and organic food production has put forward higher requirements for balanced fertilization, and new changes have taken place in the functions and objectives of fertilization. The safety of livestock and the environment; the second is to improve the quality of agricultural products; the third is to increase the quantity of agricultural products; the fourth is to reduce the production cost of agricultural products; the fifth is to enhance the resistance of crops; the sixth is to improve the market competitiveness of agricultural products. . In order to achieve these goals, corresponding fertilization countermeasures and measures must be taken: First, we must strengthen the dynamic monitoring of soil nutrient status, grasp the dynamic changes of soil nutrients, determine the variety and quantity of fertilization according to the characteristics of crops, and realize soil testing. Formulated fertilization, and the soil testing and formula fertilization technology as the main content and technical measures of agricultural industrialization construction, closely combined with the characteristic agricultural product processing base, improved seed base, high-quality special grain and oil base, high-quality commodity vegetables, fruit base construction, where is the base planning Where the soil samples are collected, where the special fertilizers are supplied and where they are supplied. Collect soil samples, study formulas, integrate and supply special fertilizers, and continuously strengthen the specificity, specificity and scientificity of special fertilizer formulas. The second is to increase the proportion of organic fertilizer, reduce the proportion of chemical fertilizer, and achieve the balance between organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer; the third is to reduce the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium, and achieve the balance of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; The balance between NPK and medium and trace elements; Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the training of farmers and fertilization techniques, vigorously improve fertilization techniques, and gradually realize the transformation from single fertilizer to compound fertilizer, compound fertilizer to special fertilizer, and reduce fertilizer waste. The yield increase effect is good, the cost is reduced, and the fertilizer utilization rate and use efficiency are improved.
In addition, governments at all levels should strengthen their leadership in promoting soil testing and formula fertilization techniques. Establish a county-level rural soil testing and fertilization technology promotion network to form an overall synergy, increase the promotion and application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and improve the application level. Extensive use of social forces and social funds to accelerate the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization techniques. In the six key technical aspects of soil selection, soil testing, formula, fertilizer distribution, fertilizer supply and fertilization technical guidance, we will do a good job in agricultural services.
Of course, if you really want to put the soil testing formula fertilization technology into practice, you must also do a good service. At present, the overall level of agricultural sales in China is not high, and most of them are still in a primary stage of sales. Although many companies are improving service levels, most of them are superficial. In the development of BB fertilizer, fertilizer sales service is a crucial agrochemical technology support. For example, pre-sales training is taught to teach farmers how to balance fertilization; follow-up surveys are conducted on users during sales, and problems are promptly guided; after-sales surveys analyze the results and summarize experiences. Only by truly doing the service with sincerity and sincerity can we bring about the great development of the soil and fertilizer business.
In addition, we must create a healthy and orderly development environment for BB fertilizer. On the one hand, to achieve the development of BB fertilizer production, it is very important to rely on the strength of industry associations. Organize a large number of fertilizer production enterprises, exchange information, and jointly face the problems that arise, thus promoting the healthy development of the BB fertilizer industry. On the other hand, it calls on relevant industry management departments to speed up the formulation of product quality standards. If there are standards, it will make the development environment of the whole industry more healthy and standardized, so that BB fertilizer will develop rapidly in China, thus promoting the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. application.
Source: China Agricultural Research magazine: ZHANG Shu-qing
China's soil types are complex, soil nutrient changes are quite large, and fertilizer utilization rate is low. At present, there is a serious imbalance in the application rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in China, resulting in excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially insufficient potassium fertilizer, leading to fertilizers. The yield increase effect and use efficiency have dropped significantly. In addition, in recent years, with the application of new technologies such as soil, plant test diagnosis, expert fertilization system, formula fertilizer, special fertilizer, etc., the soil testing and formula fertilization technology is becoming more and more perfect and mature, and it has already had the conditions for large-scale promotion and application. For example, if the coverage rate of soil testing and formula fertilization technology can be increased from 30% to 60%, it will be equivalent to 900 million mu of cultivated land to receive technical services, which will increase the output of 26 million tons of grain. Therefore, it is imperative to further increase the application and application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and gradually realize the balanced application of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and to maintain the stability and continuity of this work.
At present, the popularization rate of soil testing and formula fertilization technology in China is still low. The main reason is that on the one hand, the agriculture-related departments and fertilizer production and circulation enterprises have carried out soil testing and formula fertilization for many years, but they still stay because of their fertilization guidance mode. In the traditional fertilization guidance mode, “only the prescription is not takenâ€, some enterprises only measure the soil for the promotion of their products, and they have not really measured the soil, the later formula, and then fertilized. This type of peasant is not easy to master, and the implementation is difficult, which results in the current situation of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Through soil testing and formula fertilization technology, soil testing, post-formulation, and fertilization are first carried out, and “comprehensive testing, integration, and unified supply†are implemented, and the soil testing and formula fertilization technology is fully materialized into special fertilizers for popularization and application. This kind of fertilization guidance mode, which is both prescription and medicine, is easy for farmers to accept and master.
On the other hand, people lack the understanding of the special nature of long-term soil testing, fertilizer testing and formula renewal for formula fertilization work, and believe that “old technology is engaged in new years and lacks new ideasâ€. In recent years, investment has become less and less, resulting in There is a lack of promotion and financial support at the grassroots level.
To this end, in order to change the status quo of soil testing and formula fertilization technology in China, the most effective method is to use balanced fertilization as the leading technology, focus on fertilizer structure adjustment, and take the basic measurement of unified measurement, integration and unified supply. We will provide one-stop service for testing, distribution, production, supply and application to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. To put it simply, it is based on soil testing results and crop fertilizer requirements, soil fertility performance, fertilizer utilization rate, etc., formulating fertilizers with high-quality chemical fertilizers, directly supplying farmers, and simplifying complex formula fertilization techniques. Formulated fertilization is a special fertilizer for application (BB fertilizer).
BB fertilizer, English literal translation is blended bulk fertilizer (Blending Bulk Fertilizers, BB fertilizer), based on soil nutrient differentiation test, according to crop fertilizer requirements, soil fertility performance and fertilizer fertilizer efficiency, scientific calculation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium A special fertilizer formulated with the elements and the amount of medium and trace elements. In reality, the main types of granulated fertilizers are physically mixed according to the ratio of demand. BB fertilizer has the following advantages: First, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is flexibly formulated, which can meet the different needs of crops for nutrients. After application, the effect is obvious, and the balanced supporting fertilization technology is truly implemented. Second, the fertilizer consumption is reduced and the utilization rate is improved. Easy to apply, safe and labor-saving. The nutrient content of the fertilizer is high (the active ingredient is above 40%), and it is convenient to apply in a granular form; the fourth is to increase the yield and increase the income. Due to the reduction in fertilizer consumption and labor, the cost per mu can be reduced by about 20 yuan, and the general increase is 5% to 15%. Therefore, at present in the world's developed countries, BB fertilizer accounts for more than 80% of the total fertilization, and China has just started in this respect, BB fertilizer has a promising future, can be said to be the direction of future fertilizer development. It is understood that by applying BB fertilizer, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer can be increased by 8 to 10%, the yield is increased by 8 to 15%, and the comprehensive benefit is increased by 15 to 30%.
In the final analysis, BB fertilizer is a precise formula fertilization technology. First, the formula must be accurate. In order to do this, the soil testing formula fertilization technology is truly implemented. The specific recommendations are as follows:
First determine the technical route of soil testing and formula fertilization. According to the soil fertility, crop fertilizer requirements, fertilizer effects and climatic factors, the principles of soil testing and fertilization techniques, through soil testing and fertilizer field trials, to find out the soil fertility, crop fertilizer and fertilizer effects, obtained and corrected Formulated fertilization parameters to establish a formula fertilization model for different crops and different soil types. According to the soil test results and related conditions, the formula fertilization model is applied, combined with the expert experience, the fertilization formula is proposed, and the special fertilizer is prepared according to the formula from the fertilizer station, which is supplied to the farmers for application and provides fertilization technical guidance. At the same time, the quality of various fertilizers is ensured through the monitoring of fertilizer quality. Through the technical route of integrated services, the socialization and industrialization of technology promotion will be gradually realized, the accuracy and the rate of soil testing and formula fertilization will be guaranteed, and the popularization rate of soil testing and formula fertilization will be improved.
Secondly, the following work should be clarified in the promotion work:
The first is to establish a data system for crop fertilization indicators. In the main crop producing areas, targeted investigation and testing of some factors affecting crop growth and fertilization effects, such as soil texture, soil organic matter, soil nutrients, farmer fertilization levels, fertilization structure and fertilization effects, were carried out for soil testing. Based on the basic understanding of regional soil nutrients, combined with China's main soil type distribution, crop layout, fertilizer requirements and natural climatic conditions, crop fertilization division. Based on the dominant crops in the fertilization zone, establish indicator data to guide crop fertilization. According to the fertilization zoning and survey results (previous + supplemented), a unified and standardized field trial study on the main crops in the dominant area, including different fertilization methods, different fertilization periods, different fertilization numbers, etc., obtained relevant fertilization parameters.
The second is to improve the test method. The nutrient analysis test of the basic soil samples and plant samples in the field test area was carried out by means of combined extraction and combined determination. Exploring the response of different soil fertility and crops at different growth stages to fertilization, and providing evidence and verification for the establishment of agricultural fertilization data indicators.
The third is to establish a fertilization expert system. Through analysis and treatment of field trials, soil and plant test data, build a database of facility fertilizer parameters, and establish fertilization data indicators for different regions, different cultivation methods, and different crops. A computerized fertilization expert system was established for different fertilization zones, soil, crops, climate, and risk factors. The human-machine intelligent system was used to simulate the fertilization mode of the main crops, and the recommended fertilization was carried out, and the economic and rational fertilization method, the fertilization period, the amount of fertilization, and the fertilization ratio were proposed.
The fourth is publicity training, demonstration and promotion. Organize provincial-level test and test technicians to conduct training on new methods, master joint extraction and joint test technical specifications, ensure test quality, improve test efficiency, and reduce test costs; organize provincial, municipal, county, and town agricultural technicians to perform computerized fertilization Expert system training, master the application of software, correctly understand and apply the computer "recommended" fertilization program. Demonstration and promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology for superior production areas and advantageous crops.
At the same time, the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology should be consistent with the needs of agricultural industrialization development. In the agricultural industrialization construction and the production of high-quality agricultural products, large-scale implementation of pollution-free food, green food, and organic food production has put forward higher requirements for balanced fertilization, and new changes have taken place in the functions and objectives of fertilization. The safety of livestock and the environment; the second is to improve the quality of agricultural products; the third is to increase the quantity of agricultural products; the fourth is to reduce the production cost of agricultural products; the fifth is to enhance the resistance of crops; the sixth is to improve the market competitiveness of agricultural products. . In order to achieve these goals, corresponding fertilization countermeasures and measures must be taken: First, we must strengthen the dynamic monitoring of soil nutrient status, grasp the dynamic changes of soil nutrients, determine the variety and quantity of fertilization according to the characteristics of crops, and realize soil testing. Formulated fertilization, and the soil testing and formula fertilization technology as the main content and technical measures of agricultural industrialization construction, closely combined with the characteristic agricultural product processing base, improved seed base, high-quality special grain and oil base, high-quality commodity vegetables, fruit base construction, where is the base planning Where the soil samples are collected, where the special fertilizers are supplied and where they are supplied. Collect soil samples, study formulas, integrate and supply special fertilizers, and continuously strengthen the specificity, specificity and scientificity of special fertilizer formulas. The second is to increase the proportion of organic fertilizer, reduce the proportion of chemical fertilizer, and achieve the balance between organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer; the third is to reduce the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium, and achieve the balance of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; The balance between NPK and medium and trace elements; Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the training of farmers and fertilization techniques, vigorously improve fertilization techniques, and gradually realize the transformation from single fertilizer to compound fertilizer, compound fertilizer to special fertilizer, and reduce fertilizer waste. The yield increase effect is good, the cost is reduced, and the fertilizer utilization rate and use efficiency are improved.
In addition, governments at all levels should strengthen their leadership in promoting soil testing and formula fertilization techniques. Establish a county-level rural soil testing and fertilization technology promotion network to form an overall synergy, increase the promotion and application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and improve the application level. Extensive use of social forces and social funds to accelerate the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization techniques. In the six key technical aspects of soil selection, soil testing, formula, fertilizer distribution, fertilizer supply and fertilization technical guidance, we will do a good job in agricultural services.
Of course, if you really want to put the soil testing formula fertilization technology into practice, you must also do a good service. At present, the overall level of agricultural sales in China is not high, and most of them are still in a primary stage of sales. Although many companies are improving service levels, most of them are superficial. In the development of BB fertilizer, fertilizer sales service is a crucial agrochemical technology support. For example, pre-sales training is taught to teach farmers how to balance fertilization; follow-up surveys are conducted on users during sales, and problems are promptly guided; after-sales surveys analyze the results and summarize experiences. Only by truly doing the service with sincerity and sincerity can we bring about the great development of the soil and fertilizer business.
In addition, we must create a healthy and orderly development environment for BB fertilizer. On the one hand, to achieve the development of BB fertilizer production, it is very important to rely on the strength of industry associations. Organize a large number of fertilizer production enterprises, exchange information, and jointly face the problems that arise, thus promoting the healthy development of the BB fertilizer industry. On the other hand, it calls on relevant industry management departments to speed up the formulation of product quality standards. If there are standards, it will make the development environment of the whole industry more healthy and standardized, so that BB fertilizer will develop rapidly in China, thus promoting the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. application.
Source: China Agricultural Research magazine: ZHANG Shu-qing
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