In the past few years, China’s annual export quotas for rare earths have generally not been used. Japan, the European Union, the United States and other major importers have sued China for the cancellation of quotas. The disclosure of the WTO by the foreign media at the end of October will make an unfavorable ruling against China. According to authoritative sources, the China Rare Earth Industry Association has begun to communicate with relevant departments and discuss countermeasures.
It is widely believed that China may cancel the rare earth quota system, but a Beijing-based resignation official told the China Securities Journal that the cancellation of the rare earth export quota system does not affect the import and export trade activities. In recent years, China is working hard to rectify the rare earth mines. Order and governance of environmental issues, will continue to reduce production and exports in the next 2-3 years, and give up a certain share in the international market.
Insiders pointed out that behind the rare earth lawsuit is the ambition of the US, Japan and Europe "encirclement and suppression" to suppress China's rare earth prices. China must strengthen the management of rare earth mining, production and export, and regulate the market order, so as to "anti-encirclement."
Export quotas cause controversy
Rare earth is a strategic resource. It is a collective term for 17 chemical elements, and is widely used in wind turbines, fluorescent lamps, iPhones, military radar systems and other products. China accounts for more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of the world's rare earth reserves. It also brings about outstanding problems such as over-exploitation of resources and destruction of the ecological environment.
At the end of the last century, China exchanged cheap rare earth for foreign exchange and market dominance. In recent years, China began to rectify the order of rare earth mines, formulate industry access policies, promote the integration of rare earth industries, and introduce a series of control measures. The price of rare earths has risen rapidly along with capital speculation, which has also caused dissatisfaction among the US, Japan and Europe. Taking metal bismuth as an example, the price rose nearly 6 times in the first half of 2011.
On March 13, 2012, the United States, the European Union, and Japan filed a lawsuit against WT0 regarding China's restrictions on the export of rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum. The main target was rare earth. In 1998, China began to implement the rare earth export quota licensing system. According to incomplete statistics, there have been many surpluses in export quotas in most past years. In 2011, for example, the annual export quota (30,184 tons) was only used by about 60%.
Industry insiders said that in addition to rising rare earth prices to curb demand for rare earths, foreign users have sufficient reserves, the United States began to produce some of the international market, and smuggling is also very important reasons.
“The export quota system is a measure to cooperate with the rare earth production plan and the mining plan. At least for the moment, the formulation of rare earth export quotas has not affected the use of foreign markets.†The above-mentioned retired officials told China Securities Journal that some enterprises reflected the export of rare earths. The quota is still in use, because the previous rare earth market situation is not very good. The outgoing official had previously been in charge of rare earth work in relevant Chinese departments.
Regarding whether the official will cancel the quota system, the outgoing official said that the cancellation of the rare earth export quota system does not affect the import and export trade activities. The relevant departments should proceed from the actual situation and respect the international rulings according to the relevant WTO decisions on China. ruling.
"They (US, Japan and Europe) seized the rare earth export quota system to make a fuss, on the grounds that export quotas are not in line with WTO trade principles." Meng Qingjiang, deputy secretary general of the Jiangxi Rare Earth Society said.
The industry believes that China may adjust rather than cancel the rare earth export quota system after the lawsuit is over. At the end of 2011, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China has revised the rare earth export quota system. The revised system allocates quotas according to the environmental compliance status of production enterprises. In addition, the quotas are classified into light rare earth quotas and medium and heavy rare earth quotas. .
At a rare earth meeting held in Guangzhou in October, Wang Qinhua, vice president of the China Rare Earth Industry Association, said in public that the proposal to eliminate rare earth export quotas was first considered from light rare earths. The association was established in April 2012 to assist the government in formulating policies and development plans for the rare earth industry.
However, there is considerable debate about whether restricting rare earth exports violates WTO rules. Some experts believe that according to WTO-related provisions, in order to achieve reasonable policy objectives such as protecting resources and the environment, member states can take some necessary restrictive measures, including export restrictions.
Export policy needs to be adjusted
Speaking of rare earths, people are used to think that it is scarce, but in fact rare earth is not rare. According to the 2009 census of the Ministry of Land and Resources, China's rare earth basic reserves are 18.591 million tons, accounting for 23% of the world. The US rare earth reserves are about 13 million tons, but the rare earth plants have been shut down for many years, relying on the import of Chinese rare earths.
“Rare earth is not rare, and the reserves of 17 elements are added up, which is higher than the content of copper.†A professional rare earth doctor in Jiangxi told China Securities Journal that relatively speaking, medium and heavy rare earths (such as lanthanum, cerium and other elements) Light rare earths (such as lanthanum, cerium and other elements) are rarer. The data shows that in 2011 China exported a total of 17,279 tons of rare earth oxides, and in 2012 it was 16,265 tons.
Meng Qingjiang also said that the export of rare earth products in China is not excessive, and should be liberalized, especially for deep-processed products. The rare earths are now controlled (so strict) and are based on the concept of rare earth resources in China. In fact, this concept is wrong. "From the perspective of the proportion of exports of the entire rare earth industry, the proportion of exports to production is very small, and most of the production is digested domestically."
It is understood that China's rare earth exports have mainly started in the 1970s. Before 1990, the entire rare earth international market was monopolized by the United States, Europe, and Russia. In the early 1990s, with the liberalization of exports, a large number of enterprises began to engage in rare earth export trade. One of the consequences of increased export competition was in Europe and the United States. The rare earths have lost their competitiveness, and China's rare earths have begun to become the "big boss" of the international rare earth market. By the end of 2011, China's rare earth supply exceeded 90% of world demand.
"(The past) is not selling 'cabbage price', but some elements must sell 'cabbage price', such as 镧, 铈 light rare earth elements, very rich, and heavy rare earth prices are not expensive, nor cabbage prices." Meng Qingjiang Point out.
"Restricting production will lead to indiscriminate mining and black market transactions, resulting in wasted resources." Meng Qingjiang believes that it is imperative to adjust export policies, strengthen the development of rare earth applications, and efficiently use rare earth resources to waste rare earth.
Earlier, some rare earth experts bluntly stated that the rare earth export quota system is prone to corruption and provide interest “rent-seeking spaceâ€. Even if it restricts the export of heavy and medium rare earths in the south, it can be adjusted by means of price and tariffs, and the use of export quotas is easily smashed by other countries. Live "scorpion".
An official report said that China's sharp cuts in rare earth export quotas have caused a large number of rare earth enterprises to compete for the purchase of indicators from trading companies with export quota indicators due to lack of quotas. The report shows that at the end of 2010, the “market price†of rare earth export quotas has reached 120,000 to 170,000 yuan per ton, up to 200,000 yuan per ton, and the rare earth quota speculation has pushed up the rare earth at home and abroad to some extent. Spread.
According to the above-mentioned retired officials, with the resumption of production of rare earth enterprises in the United States, Australia and other countries, the world's rare earth supply pattern will change, but China's dominant position in the international market will not change, and other countries are expected in the next two or three years. After the rare earth plant is put into production, it will account for about 30% of the international market supply. Such a situation will ease the supply pressure on China.
Rare earth application research to be strengthened
According to industry insiders, China will continue to rectify the rare earth industry, including environmental protection and industrial integration. However, compared with the country's strict control measures, the application gap between rare earth application development and foreign countries is not small. The value of rare earths lies in its use.
In this regard, Li Yongxiu, director of the Research Center for Rare Earth and Micro-Nano Functional Materials at Nanchang University, said that compared with many developed countries, China has a large gap in the application of rare earths. However, because countries focus on different fields, some areas are not as foreign as China, but in many aspects such as luminescent materials, foreign countries are better at equipment level than China, and the quality of products is higher.
Rare earth elements are widely used, but their use requires human research and development. Li Yongxiu said that the international community has been engaged in basic research on rare earths. Compared with China, foreign countries have a long history of basic research on rare earth applications. They are not researching for research, but discovering some rare earths in practical applications and production processes. The purpose of the element.
“Our research investment is also very large, but the application of rare earth application itself is closely related to the level of industry in related fields. If we do research in the laboratory alone, there is no good application industry foundation and background, it is very difficult to make results.†Li Yongxiu It is said that foreign companies with better industrial bases have done their own research on rare earth applications, and they are more targeted, and there is some disconnect between research and application in China.
It is widely believed that China may cancel the rare earth quota system, but a Beijing-based resignation official told the China Securities Journal that the cancellation of the rare earth export quota system does not affect the import and export trade activities. In recent years, China is working hard to rectify the rare earth mines. Order and governance of environmental issues, will continue to reduce production and exports in the next 2-3 years, and give up a certain share in the international market.
Insiders pointed out that behind the rare earth lawsuit is the ambition of the US, Japan and Europe "encirclement and suppression" to suppress China's rare earth prices. China must strengthen the management of rare earth mining, production and export, and regulate the market order, so as to "anti-encirclement."
Export quotas cause controversy
Rare earth is a strategic resource. It is a collective term for 17 chemical elements, and is widely used in wind turbines, fluorescent lamps, iPhones, military radar systems and other products. China accounts for more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of the world's rare earth reserves. It also brings about outstanding problems such as over-exploitation of resources and destruction of the ecological environment.
At the end of the last century, China exchanged cheap rare earth for foreign exchange and market dominance. In recent years, China began to rectify the order of rare earth mines, formulate industry access policies, promote the integration of rare earth industries, and introduce a series of control measures. The price of rare earths has risen rapidly along with capital speculation, which has also caused dissatisfaction among the US, Japan and Europe. Taking metal bismuth as an example, the price rose nearly 6 times in the first half of 2011.
On March 13, 2012, the United States, the European Union, and Japan filed a lawsuit against WT0 regarding China's restrictions on the export of rare earths, tungsten, and molybdenum. The main target was rare earth. In 1998, China began to implement the rare earth export quota licensing system. According to incomplete statistics, there have been many surpluses in export quotas in most past years. In 2011, for example, the annual export quota (30,184 tons) was only used by about 60%.
Industry insiders said that in addition to rising rare earth prices to curb demand for rare earths, foreign users have sufficient reserves, the United States began to produce some of the international market, and smuggling is also very important reasons.
“The export quota system is a measure to cooperate with the rare earth production plan and the mining plan. At least for the moment, the formulation of rare earth export quotas has not affected the use of foreign markets.†The above-mentioned retired officials told China Securities Journal that some enterprises reflected the export of rare earths. The quota is still in use, because the previous rare earth market situation is not very good. The outgoing official had previously been in charge of rare earth work in relevant Chinese departments.
Regarding whether the official will cancel the quota system, the outgoing official said that the cancellation of the rare earth export quota system does not affect the import and export trade activities. The relevant departments should proceed from the actual situation and respect the international rulings according to the relevant WTO decisions on China. ruling.
"They (US, Japan and Europe) seized the rare earth export quota system to make a fuss, on the grounds that export quotas are not in line with WTO trade principles." Meng Qingjiang, deputy secretary general of the Jiangxi Rare Earth Society said.
The industry believes that China may adjust rather than cancel the rare earth export quota system after the lawsuit is over. At the end of 2011, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China has revised the rare earth export quota system. The revised system allocates quotas according to the environmental compliance status of production enterprises. In addition, the quotas are classified into light rare earth quotas and medium and heavy rare earth quotas. .
At a rare earth meeting held in Guangzhou in October, Wang Qinhua, vice president of the China Rare Earth Industry Association, said in public that the proposal to eliminate rare earth export quotas was first considered from light rare earths. The association was established in April 2012 to assist the government in formulating policies and development plans for the rare earth industry.
However, there is considerable debate about whether restricting rare earth exports violates WTO rules. Some experts believe that according to WTO-related provisions, in order to achieve reasonable policy objectives such as protecting resources and the environment, member states can take some necessary restrictive measures, including export restrictions.
Export policy needs to be adjusted
Speaking of rare earths, people are used to think that it is scarce, but in fact rare earth is not rare. According to the 2009 census of the Ministry of Land and Resources, China's rare earth basic reserves are 18.591 million tons, accounting for 23% of the world. The US rare earth reserves are about 13 million tons, but the rare earth plants have been shut down for many years, relying on the import of Chinese rare earths.
“Rare earth is not rare, and the reserves of 17 elements are added up, which is higher than the content of copper.†A professional rare earth doctor in Jiangxi told China Securities Journal that relatively speaking, medium and heavy rare earths (such as lanthanum, cerium and other elements) Light rare earths (such as lanthanum, cerium and other elements) are rarer. The data shows that in 2011 China exported a total of 17,279 tons of rare earth oxides, and in 2012 it was 16,265 tons.
Meng Qingjiang also said that the export of rare earth products in China is not excessive, and should be liberalized, especially for deep-processed products. The rare earths are now controlled (so strict) and are based on the concept of rare earth resources in China. In fact, this concept is wrong. "From the perspective of the proportion of exports of the entire rare earth industry, the proportion of exports to production is very small, and most of the production is digested domestically."
It is understood that China's rare earth exports have mainly started in the 1970s. Before 1990, the entire rare earth international market was monopolized by the United States, Europe, and Russia. In the early 1990s, with the liberalization of exports, a large number of enterprises began to engage in rare earth export trade. One of the consequences of increased export competition was in Europe and the United States. The rare earths have lost their competitiveness, and China's rare earths have begun to become the "big boss" of the international rare earth market. By the end of 2011, China's rare earth supply exceeded 90% of world demand.
"(The past) is not selling 'cabbage price', but some elements must sell 'cabbage price', such as 镧, 铈 light rare earth elements, very rich, and heavy rare earth prices are not expensive, nor cabbage prices." Meng Qingjiang Point out.
"Restricting production will lead to indiscriminate mining and black market transactions, resulting in wasted resources." Meng Qingjiang believes that it is imperative to adjust export policies, strengthen the development of rare earth applications, and efficiently use rare earth resources to waste rare earth.
Earlier, some rare earth experts bluntly stated that the rare earth export quota system is prone to corruption and provide interest “rent-seeking spaceâ€. Even if it restricts the export of heavy and medium rare earths in the south, it can be adjusted by means of price and tariffs, and the use of export quotas is easily smashed by other countries. Live "scorpion".
An official report said that China's sharp cuts in rare earth export quotas have caused a large number of rare earth enterprises to compete for the purchase of indicators from trading companies with export quota indicators due to lack of quotas. The report shows that at the end of 2010, the “market price†of rare earth export quotas has reached 120,000 to 170,000 yuan per ton, up to 200,000 yuan per ton, and the rare earth quota speculation has pushed up the rare earth at home and abroad to some extent. Spread.
According to the above-mentioned retired officials, with the resumption of production of rare earth enterprises in the United States, Australia and other countries, the world's rare earth supply pattern will change, but China's dominant position in the international market will not change, and other countries are expected in the next two or three years. After the rare earth plant is put into production, it will account for about 30% of the international market supply. Such a situation will ease the supply pressure on China.
Rare earth application research to be strengthened
According to industry insiders, China will continue to rectify the rare earth industry, including environmental protection and industrial integration. However, compared with the country's strict control measures, the application gap between rare earth application development and foreign countries is not small. The value of rare earths lies in its use.
In this regard, Li Yongxiu, director of the Research Center for Rare Earth and Micro-Nano Functional Materials at Nanchang University, said that compared with many developed countries, China has a large gap in the application of rare earths. However, because countries focus on different fields, some areas are not as foreign as China, but in many aspects such as luminescent materials, foreign countries are better at equipment level than China, and the quality of products is higher.
Rare earth elements are widely used, but their use requires human research and development. Li Yongxiu said that the international community has been engaged in basic research on rare earths. Compared with China, foreign countries have a long history of basic research on rare earth applications. They are not researching for research, but discovering some rare earths in practical applications and production processes. The purpose of the element.
“Our research investment is also very large, but the application of rare earth application itself is closely related to the level of industry in related fields. If we do research in the laboratory alone, there is no good application industry foundation and background, it is very difficult to make results.†Li Yongxiu It is said that foreign companies with better industrial bases have done their own research on rare earth applications, and they are more targeted, and there is some disconnect between research and application in China.
Our agricultural net is inculding all the Plastic Net which is used in the agricultural and aquacultural area such as Chicken Net, anti bird net, Plant Support Net, greenhouse screen, shading net, anti hail net, oyster bag, silkworm net and so on.
Our plastic agricultural net is made of Polythylene (HDPE), Nylon or Polyproplene (PP) and so on plastic material with extrude process or woven process.
Compared with mental material, it is lightweight, economic, easy to handle and install. It is errosion and rot resistant and
will be the best choice for your farms!
Plastic Stretched Hexangular Pultry Net,Pp Agricultural Net,Anti-Uv Plastic Agricultural Net,Oyster Agricultural Plastic Net,Oyster Mesh,Plastic Farm Fence
Hebei TongChan Imp.&Exp.Co., Ltd. , https://www.tongchanmesh.com