Hazardous chemical safety measures and emergency rescue measures

First, CPR First Aid

Overview: Sudden cardiac arrest, also known as sudden cardiac arrest, refers to a sudden stop of the heart due to various reasons, pulsation, loss of effective pump function, blood circulation, causing systemic severe ischemia, hypoxia.

It is generally believed that within 4-6 minutes of cardiac arrest , brain cells still maintain a weak metabolism. If they are actively rescued, the patient may be revived. Otherwise, irreversible damage to brain cells causes death, even if CPR is temporarily successful and eventually loses its significance because of brain death.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures: 1. Judging whether the environment is dangerous, 2. Judging the patient's reaction, 3. Calling for help and warning, 4 Opening the airway, 5. Artificial respiration, 6. Artificial circulation

Judgment of sudden cardiac arrest: sudden loss of consciousness in the aorta ( carotid artery, femoral artery ) disappeared, you can be diagnosed with sudden cardiac arrest, should immediately rescue.

The judgment of respiratory arrest: one look, two listens, three feelings.

C , A , B , and C steps

A-1 , open airway and check breathing, 2. Maintain airway patency is a prerequisite for artificial respiration, 3. Immediately make the patient supine on a solid level, on the ground, head side position and clear oral foreign body, 4 , check Is it enough to breathe?

B-1 , mouth -to- mouth / nose breathing ( 2 to 20 consecutive breaths, continuous air insufflation >1 second, effective indications of thoracic fluctuations, ventilation frequency 10-12 beats /min<8 years old, 12-20 times /min) There is no guarantee that the equipment will be resuscitated on site. Therefore, performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is an effective method for emergency oxygen supply and resuscitation.

Method: The surgeon used the thumb on the forehead of the patient to keep the head behind his back, fingertips tightly squeeze the patient's nostrils to avoid air leakage, the other hand held the lower frontal fistula, and tightly wrapped the lips tightly around the patient's mouth after deep inhalation. The force is continuously blown for 1-1.5 minutes , and the blowing volume is 0.8-1.2L ( if the teeth are tight, the mouth is blown to the nostrils ). See the thoracic lift is effective. After the end of insufflation and the patient's mouth disengagement, loosen the pinch nose fingers and let them rise. thoracic reset exhaled gas, generally blowing twice into continuous expansion of collapsed lung, followed by uniformly blowing a frequency of 10-12 / min.

C-1 artificial circulation : touch the carotid with or without pulse 1 , the precordial sniper slamming in the cardiac arrest within 1 minute of the most valuable recovery, the surgeon's right hand clenched fist 20-30 cm from the chest wall vertical to the lower part of the sternum 1 -2 , if unsuccessful, should be immediately chest cardiac compression 2 , chest cardiac compression, the patient supine on flat ground or hard ground, the surgeon's one hand placed in the lower part of the patient's sternum, the other hand on the back of the hand, elbow The joints are straightened, and the weight of the arms and the body are vertically pressed down in the direction of the spine so that the sternum is sunk 4-5 centimeters, and the sternum is relaxed in a pause, but the root of the palm can not leave the original pressing position, and the ratio of pressing and relaxing is about 1 : 1 This is repeated, with a frequency of 100 beats per minute. Thoracic cardiac compression must be performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

The proportion of chest cardiac compression and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration: adult 30 : 2 , single rescue under 8 years old 30 : 2 , double rescuer 15 : 2 , during the press, close observation of the condition, determine the effect, the effective indicator for the touch can be reached The arterial pulse, measured blood pressure systolic pressure is less than or equal to 8.0kPa , cyanosis improved, scattered pupils began to shrink, and even spontaneous breathing occurred.

Heart pressing points

The heart pressing position is determined A : 1 , the index finger of the middle finger slides along the middle of the rib arch, 2. the middle finger touches the xiphoid process, 3. the root of the other hand touches the index finger on the sternum, 4. the four fingers lift up and does not contact the chest wall Press it.

Cardiac compression site determination B : 1 , simple positioning method for the heart to press the site of the intersection of the two nipples of the adult and the sternum

posture

Compression and relaxation interval equal: 1 , force method amplitude of 4-5 cm , when the pressure changes every minute 2 , fast pressure 100 times / minute, as far as possible,

Amplitude and frequency

Adult patients 30 : 2 , single-person rescue under 8 years old 30 : 2 , double rescuer 15 : 2 press effective indications: the pulse pupil is gradually reduced, the lips turn red, and spontaneous breathing phenomenon occurs.

Second, electric shock emergency

1. Immediately cut off the power, or use non-conductive objects such as dry wood, bamboo poles, dry cloth and other items to make the injured as soon as possible from the power, emergency personnel must not directly contact the electric injured, to prevent their own electric shock and directly affect the rescue work.

2. When the injured person is out of power, he should immediately check the general condition of the wounded person, especially the breathing and heartbeat. When he finds that breathing and heartbeat stop, he should immediately rescue the victim on site.

3. The rescue of cardiopulmonary resuscitation must continue in the end.

4. When dealing with electric shock patients, should pay attention to whether there are other injuries, such as strong from the power after the shock or fall from the height of the brain cranial cavity trauma, blood pneumothorax visceral rupture, limbs, pelvic fractures, etc., there are injuries, burns are at the same time Must be dealt with.

5. During the scene rescue, do not casually move the injured, so as not to aggravate the injury and delay rescue time, in addition to the injured should be flat on the stretcher and flat on the back pad, should continue to rescue, heartbeat, breathing stop To continue artificial respiration and chest cardiac compression can not be suspended before the medical staff to take over the treatment,

6. If an electric shocker touches a grounded high-voltage wire and has not confirmed whether the line is live, the ambulance personnel cannot touch the breakage point within 8-10 meters before the safety measures are taken to prevent the stepping voltage from injuring people. Confirm that the line will not be charged to remove the electric shocker from the line and perform emergency treatment on the spot.

Third, trauma first aid

1. Basic requirements for trauma emergency

1.1 Trauma Emergency First, in principle, rescue first, fix it, and then carry it. And take care to take measures to prevent injury or pollution. Those who need to be sent to hospital for treatment should immediately take measures to protect the wounded and send them to the hospital for treatment.

1.2 Before the rescue, the wounded people should lie quiet and lay flat, determine the general condition and degree of injury, whether there is bleeding, fracture and shock.

1.3 External hemorrhage Take hemostasis immediately to prevent excessive blood loss and shock. The appearance is not injured, but it is in a state of shock, confusion, or coma. The possibility of injury to the chest, abdomen or internal organs should be considered.

1.4 To prevent wound infection, apply a clean sheet to cover the wound. Ambulance personnel must not touch the wound directly with their hands, and they must not stuff anything in the wound or use drugs.

1.5 The injured person should be laid flat on the stretcher and the waist should be tied to the stretcher to prevent falling. The head of the wounded person is behind when carrying on the ground, and the head is on when going upstairs, going downstairs and downhill. The wounded should be closely observed during handling to prevent sudden changes in the injury situation.

2. Hemostasis

3.1 Wound bleeding: The wound is covered with several layers of sterilized gauze slightly larger than the wound and then bandaged. If there is still more oozing after dressing, additional bandages may be added for appropriate hemostasis.

3.2 When the bleeding from the wound is burst or red blood is poured out, immediately above the bleeding point (near the heart) is pressed with a clean finger, so that the blood flow is interrupted and the bleeding limb is raised or raised to reduce the amount of bleeding.

3.3 When using a tourniquet or a better elastic band to stop the bleeding, first use a soft cloth piece or a sleeve of the wounded person to lay it under the tourniquet, and then tighten the tourniquet to just make the arterial pulse disappear. . The upper limbs relax once every 80 minutes every 60 minutes and relax 1-2 minutes each time . The time for beginning to tighten and relax should be written on the side of the tourniquet. Tightening time should not exceed four hours. Do not use a tourniquet in the middle third of the upper arm and under the armpit to avoid nerve damage. If you observe that there is no major bleeding when you relax, you can suspend use. It is forbidden to use wires, iron wire, string, etc. as a tourniquet.

3.4 Falling from a high place, there may be hemorrhage of the internal organs of the thorax and abdomen. There is no bleeding in the appearance of the injured but often pale, weak pulse, shortness of breath, cold sweat, chilly limbs, irritability, even unconsciousness and other shock states, should quickly lay flat, raise the lower extremity, keep warm, quickly send the hospital Treatment. If you are on the way to hospital for a long time, you can give the injured a small amount of sugar brine.

3. Fracture first aid:

3.1 Limb Fractures Pliers or wooden sticks, bamboo rods, etc. can be used to fix the upper and lower joints of the fractured bone. It is also possible to use the wounded person's body for fixation to avoid movement of the fracture site to reduce pain and prevent deterioration of the injury.

3.2 Open fracture, accompanied by major bleeding, first stop bleeding, and then fixed, and cover the wound with a clean cloth, and then quickly sent to the hospital for treatment. Do not push exposed bones back into the wound.

3.3 Suspected cervical spine injury. After the victim is placed supine, place the head on both sides with a sandbag (or other substitute) to immobilize the neck. When mouth-to-mouth breathing is necessary, the airway can only be patted with a squat, and the head can no longer be moved back or turned to avoid paraplegia or death.

3.4 Fracture of the lumbar vertebrae The injured person should be placed on a flat hardwood board, and the lumbar vertebrae and the lower limbs of both sides should be fixed together to prevent warts. Several people should cooperate when handling, and be stable and cannot be distorted.

4. Traumatic brain injury:

4.1 The wounded should be placed in a supine position to keep the airway open. If there is vomiting, the head and body should be supported so that the head and body can be turned side by side to prevent vomiting.

4.2 When there is fluid in the nose and nose, do not block with cotton. Only gently wipe it to reduce intracranial pressure. It is also not possible to force the nose, remove the liquid from the nose, or re-inhale the fluid into the nose.

Fourth, high temperature heat stroke emergency

1. In the hot sun, high ambient temperature, too little drinking or excessive sweating can cause heat stroke. The symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, dizziness, lethargy, prostration, severe convulsions, convulsions or even coma.

2. The patient should be immediately transferred from a hot or sun environment to a cool, ventilated place or a 20-25 °C air-conditioned room to rest. Rub the bath with cold water, cover the body with a wet towel, blow a fan, or cool the head with an ice pack, and give the patient oral saline. Severe cases were sent to the hospital for treatment.

V. Harmful gas poisoning emergency

1. At the beginning of gas poisoning, there are tears, eye pain, cough, and dry throat. Slight headache, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness. Severe convulsions can cause coma.

2. When it is suspected that harmful gas may be present, the person should be evacuated and transferred to a well-ventilated place for rest. Rescuers must bring gas masks when entering rescue areas.

3. The unconscious person should maintain airway patency and give oxygen inhalation when conditions permit. Respiratory arrest, rescue by cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and contact the hospital for treatment.

4. Quickly identify the names of harmful gases for early symptomatic treatment in hospitals.

Sixth, burn first aid

1. Electric burns, flame burns or high-temperature gas, water burns should keep the wound clean. The wounded clothing and footwear were cut with scissors and removed. All wounds were covered with clean cloths to prevent contamination. When the limbs are burned, they should be rinsed with clean cold water and then covered with a clean cloth or sterile gauze.

2. Strong acid or alkali burns should be immediately rinsed thoroughly with plenty of water to quickly remove the eroded clothing. In order to prevent acid and alkali from remaining in the wound, the amount of flushing time is usually not less than 10 minutes.

3. Without the consent of medical personnel, it is not appropriate to apply any medicine or medicine to the burned area.

4. On the way to the hospital, you can give the casualty a small amount of oral sugar salt.

Seventh, chemical burns first aid

1. Immediately remove contaminated clothing

2. A large amount of flowing water to wash the wound surface, the sooner the better, it is appropriate to use cold water. Rinse time can not be less than 30 minutes.

3. Water-heating compounds such as quicklime, sodium tetrachloride, etc. must be wiped off before flushing thoroughly with water.

4. Make a simple dressing on the wound to prevent secondary pollution.

5. Quickly identify the name of the burned material for the doctor to symptomatic treatment.

Eight, scald first aid

1. Use a cold water to cool down the 10- minute needle. This method can also wash away hot liquids and cover them with a clean, damp dressing.

2. When the injury is swollen, remove the watch, bracelet, ring, etc., gently wrap the dressing and do not apply pressure.

3. Unless the scald is very small, the injured must be sent to the hospital.

Nine, animal bite first aid

1. Snake bites;

1.1 After a snake bite, do not panic, run, and drink, so as not to accelerate the spread of snake venom in the body.

1.2 Most of the bites are in the extremities. The venom should be rapidly and repeatedly extruded from the upper end of the wound to the upper part of the wound. The upper part of the wound (close to the heart) should be fastened with a tape, and the injured limb should be fixed to avoid activities to reduce the absorption of venom.

1.3 When you have snake medicine, you can take it first and send it to the hospital for treatment.

2. Dog bites

2.1 The dog should immediately rinse the wound with a bit of soapy water after the bite, while squeezing the saliva from the top to the bottom of the wound and squeeze the wound with iodine.

2.2 Do not rush to stop the bleeding when there is a small amount of bleeding, and do not bandage or suture the wound.

2.3 Try to find out if the dog is a mad dog and it will help the hospital to develop a treatment plan.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.