Principle of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production
Similar to solar photovoltaic power generation technology, photoelectrochemical hydrogen production technology uses photoelectrochemical energy generated by photovoltaic semiconductor materials to directly decompose water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is an ideal way for solar energy to be stored in chemical fuels. In 1971, Fujishima and Honda obtained hydrogen by using titanium dioxide electrode photo-assisted electrolysis of water, and began a practical research on photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
A typical photoelectrochemical decomposition solar cell is composed of a photoanode and a cathode. The photoanode is usually a photo-semiconductor material, which can generate electron hole pairs when excited by light. The photoanode and the counter electrode (cathode) form a photoelectrochemical cell. In the presence of an electrolyte, the photoanode absorbs light. The electrons generated on the semiconductor tape flow to the cathode through an external circuit. The hydrogen ions in the water receive electrons from the cathode to produce hydrogen gas. Semiconductor photoanode is the most critical factor affecting the efficiency of hydrogen production. The light absorption limit of the semiconductor should be moved to the visible light part as much as possible, to reduce the recombination between photo-generated carriers, and to increase the lifetime of carriers. The most studied photoanode material is TiO2. TiO2, as a photoanode, is resistant to light corrosion and has good chemical stability.
PECSYS project jointly launched by the three EU countries
The full English name of the PECSYS project is Technologydemonstration of large-scale photo-electrochemical system for solar hydrogen production. The project was launched on January 1, 2017 by the German Helmholtz Research Center for Materials and Energy (HZB), a German research center focused on scientific research related to complex materials and energy transformation. The project is funded by the EU Research Center's "Looking forward to 2020" program, with an investment of 2.5 million euros. In addition to the HZB research center, Germany ’s Jülich Research Center, Sweden ’s Uppsala University, Sweden ’s Solibro Research Ab Research Center, and Italy ’s Consiglio Nazionale delle Richere and 3SUN have both participated.
Target: 6% efficiency in 6 months
In recent years, the technical research on photovoltaic hydrogen production in Europe has made great progress, but unlike photovoltaic power generation technology, photovoltaic hydrogen production has been unable to put the technology into large-scale production. The current market price of photovoltaic hydrogen production is 8 euros per kilogram of hydrogen . Therefore, the aim of the project is to demonstrate a PV-EC system in operation, which measures at least 10 square meters, so that the efficiency of solar hydrogen production is at least 6%, and achieves hydrogen production of at least 16 g / h with an average cost of 5 Euro / kg. The system is expected to operate continuously under outdoor conditions, and after six months the relative efficiency loss is less than 10%.
Integrated equipment
The research and development of the equipment is completed by the main research team of the HZB research center-the photovoltaic thin film and nanotechnology team (PVcomB). In the research and development process, photovoltaic cells based on different materials (such as silicon and chalcogenide), tandem cells based on metal halide perovskites, and electrocatalysts and membranes will be tested, and sealing and protective layers will be developed. The goal is to scale the experiment It is an enlargement of 25cm2 equipment, and finally develops integrated equipment that can operate stably under extreme environmental conditions. In the mid-term of the project, the project team will install a system with a total area of ​​10 square meters in Jülich, Germany and 3SUN, Italy.
The project is expected to make the public and manufacturing companies have a strong improvement on the technical and economic benefits of this system, make photovoltaic chemical hydrogen production technology a good alternative to traditional fuel energy supply, and improve the competitiveness of European photovoltaic and electrolyzer manufacturers For the global development of photovoltaic chemical hydrogen production technology will also be a breakthrough upgrade.
In addition to the PECSYS project, there are many scientific research projects in the field of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in Europe and America. For example, the NREL laboratory in the United States has also made progress in reducing the cost of molecular catalysts. It is believed that the technology will be commercialized soon.
At present, China's first wind power hydrogen production industrial application project hydrogen production station has started construction, which will be an effective solution to China's large-scale wind curtailment problem. Although the current photoelectrochemical hydrogen production project cannot be implemented on a large scale in China, it is believed that under the rapid development of technology, mass production will be realized soon, and the photovoltaic industry will usher in a vigorous development again.
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